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I would like to know how that could be, given the difference in the length of the shell.
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It’s not the length of the shell it’s the overall length of the round. Remember that the 38 special round is 1/8” shorter than the .357 Magnum round, so any excess gases will be forced forward in the charging hole, when the hot gases reach the gap between the end of the cylinder and the forcing cone it will be traveling in a straight line and will generally continue in that direction, so any gas escaping upward or to the sides will be lessened. Lastly remember the max pressure of the 38 special round is 18,000 PSI and the max pressure of the .357 Magnum round is right around 35,000 PSI.
What will happen when shooting 38 special ammo in a revolver chambered for .357 Magnum is a carbon ring will develop in the charging holes.
As for the forcing cone damage remember that the M-19 has a smaller forcing cone than the M-27, and the M-19 forcing cone has a flat spot on the bottom, whereas the M-27 does not have a flat spot on the forcing cone.