Small rifle primers will generally have a larger priming mixture and be "hotter" than standard small pistol primers, and cause higher chamber pressures.

SR primers are also harder than SP primers and may not be as reliably ignited as SP primers, especially in smaller framed guns or with weaker hammer/striker springs.

It is generally not a recommended practice except in an emergency, or during component shortages.

With that said, you can use SR primers in certain higher-pressure calibers provided the firing pin/striker mechanisms have enough energy for reliable ignition with the harder primers. Such calibers/guns include:
9mm/.38 Super in M1911 guns, .357 Magnum in N frame revolvers, .30 US Carbine in Ruger revolvers, and similar combinations in other designs with heavy firing pin or hammer/stiker designs.