Over the years I've shot at public ranges, ranges that require purchase of a membership and private clubs.

Public ranges tend to have a lot of problems as described in the OP because anyone can wander up to the firing line and start shooting. A lot of membership ranges aren't much different. Pretty much anyone can wander up to the firing line and start shooting if they have enough money in their pocket to buy a membership.

Our private club tries to prevent unsafe behavior from ever reaching the firing line.

Membership application requires sponsorship by a current member of no less than three years. No one wants to sponsor an idiot. Waiting list is about two years. Once approved (not all are), there's a required safety orientation that takes a couple hours in addition to walking the properly of a half dozen separate ranges over several acres to understand how things work and rules that govern each range. An additional form equivalent to a 4473 is also required to be on file. Once all that is done and fees paid, an electronic gate card is issued that allows 365 day unlimited access for shooting from 30 minutes before dawn to 30 minutes after dusk. You are now allowed on the firing line. We have no ROs but have cameras everywhere. Most folks are as excited to finally become a member as they are attentive to following the rules because no one wants to get booted after the time, effort and expense of becoming a member.

It works for us. Our members aren't perfect but we do pretty well.