380 & 9mm are both .355" dia and both headspace off the case mouth so in short, yes.

HOWEVER it may not be powerful enough to cycle the slide in whatever pistol you use so don't expect very good reliability. I would not make a habit of it but it won't hurt the gun at all. I have fired successfully handfuls of 380's thru my M&P 9mm with no problem at all however it was basically a single shot pistol but in a survival situation and for whatever reason you're stuck with a 9mm pistol and a handful of 380's. go for it...