The firing pin is housed in the bolt. As long as the case head is 'flat' against the bolt face, the primer is in reach of the firing pin--regardless of whether the bolt has rotated and locked into the barrel extension, or even if bolt is only partially into the barrel extension.
No, it doesn't. If you have a milspec AR 15 pull your carrier out and try. If it is the correct dimensions for all the parts it the firing pin by design CANNOT extend past the bolt face until the carrier is fully in battery.
Ned Christiansen did a cutaway to illustrate the fact. That bolt is locked into the lugs but the carrier is still slightly OOB.
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