With black powder firearms petroleum by products are a no-no. Mineral oil is acceptable, and I know is considered by many to be a petroleum product. Water soluble mineral oil is a super patch lubricant and is the foundation of my cleaning solution used between each shot. I used to lubricate my black powder locks and actions with Ballistol or on occaison Breakfree, an old friend left behind a can of Sperm Whale oil, I use that only on locks and actions, a little goes a long way. Old timers used to render bear grease down to a fine oil, Ive done that as well. Its about as effective as mink oil. Most of the natural lubricants fall short in very cold weather, I have not noticed any problems with Sperm Whale Oil.
All of my modern firearms are lubed sparingly with modern lubricants like Breakfree and Ballistol as well. I have a super duper synthetic called Zero Friction that does wonders on a finicky semi auto .22, a touch on the rails and points of metal on metal does wonders to reliable operation. I brush all the exteriors of firearms with Ballistol on a shaving brush before putting away and just setting in the racks, never any issues. Some folks object to Ballistol's smell, I kinda like it...right up there with Hoppes, which I still use frequently, even in my muzzle loaders.
A friend of mine shoots quite a bit but only cleans his firearms when they start to exhibit an issue. I told him once that he didn't like cleaning his firearms he ought to take up knitting. To me cleaning firearms is personal time and when its been cleaned I know there is nothing to stop it from operating as designed. When someone on the range has a fail to fire issue and asks for help or obviously needs some assistance I often intervene as a range officer and club rep. The first thing I notice is usually the firearm is filthy, I politely ask when the last time it was cleaned and its amazing the number of times I get "You mean you have to clean them?" I usually am polite and ask if they have the manual and it would be a good idea to get a cleaning kit for each firearm or enough tools to take care of the job. I know many people hate cleaning firearms, it shows.