Is a sub-sonic .45ACP any less damaging to hearing when fired inside then a typical .38 or 9mm or even a shotgun?
I can't tell you about comparative impact on hearing loss.
I can say that subsonic ammo is less unpleasant to shoot than high velocity, and that larger calibers are also less unpleasant than smaller calibers at the same velocity.
As an example: 22 magnum is so unpleasant in a handgun that I have no interest in it. 22 high velocity ammo is noticeably less pleasant than standard velocity in a handgun.
I prefer shotgun ammo at around 1125 fps. The high velocity stuff adds nothing performance wise for me and is noticeably less pleasant, in terms of noise, to shoot.
A revolver creates more blast and subjective noise than a comparable pistol because of the gas escaping between cylinder and barrel: it's closer to your ears than the muzzle: the greater the distance between the ear and the escaping gas (noise) the less unpleasant it is.
Using your examples, I think the 45acp least unpleasant, the 9mm (subsonic) the next and the 38 subsonic the next among handguns.
None of the firearms you mention would be much fun to shoot indoors without hearing protection.
Just my opinion, of course.