No, they are .38 special and they are too long. Can't close the cylinder.
Yes - get a good Bronze Bore Brush, and, some Bore Cleaning Solvent, and, Oil, and, using each in turn, clean the Cylinder Chambers/Bores well.
Then, Oil everything anywhere on it, which moves, slides or rotates.
Too - are you sure the Cartridges you were trying, are indeed .38 Special and stamped so on the Cartridge Heads? ( Regardless of the Box they may have been in ) and, that they are not old .357 Magnum Cartridges?