In 30 years of reloading mostly pistol ammo, I've had to deal with a few dozen stuck bullets, most were either from wimpy primers or a lack of powder, either a light charge or none at all. I shoot mostly plated bullets, which are fairly easy to remove......the cores are soft and the plating isn't very thick, or hard. Jacketed bullets can be a lot more difficult to remove.
If the round had no powder, the impetus from the primer is usually just enough to wedge the bullet in the forcing cone, or just past it. A piece of soft steel rod has worked fine for me with 99% of these, I put the rod down the barrel, hold the gun firmly, shield the muzzle with the heel of my hand, and jam the rod against a concrete wall or something equally hard. One or two whacks with the cylinder open and the bullet generally pops right out. Sometimes the bullet stops between the cylinder and the forcing cone, so the cylinder won't open, but those bullets are usually the easiest to push back into the case.
But once in awhile you get one that really jams in there, and you have to work pretty hard to get it out. This was a plated bullet that lodged halfway down a 6" barrel, and it defied my efforts to get it out, in fact I probably made it worse by not putting some penetrating oil in there first, it was jammed in there pretty tight. After adding oil and letting it sit overnight I got it out with no damage to the barrel, but it was a long fight. The 158-grain slug's plating eventually split and the core stretched to over twice its original length, the resulting obstruction came out looking like this!
My tool of choice is a 5" piece of mild steel, it was the rod from my 38 Special Lee Loader, purchased several decades ago. It now resides in my shooting box full-time.
I can't recall sticking a bullet in a rifle-length barrel, but my removal method would involve a close fitting rod, a lot of oil, and plenty of patience.
