In the days of the Teddysaurus, NYPD carried .32 Police, then .38 Specials, 5 and 6 shot revolvers. They sufficed because officers were trained in the use of deliberate aimed fire. Every shot on the street wasn't a hit, but most were, and civilians were not constantly being hit by stray rounds.
JMO, but with the advent of military style training, and military style hi-capacity semi automatics, the change to point firing and shooting lots of rounds until the threat is neutralized; we have a situation in which we have more misses than hits, more peripheral hits than quality hits, more stray rounds, more civilians being injured.
Pistol caliber bullets do not incapacitate unless placed in a part of Mr. Badguy that he needs to function. That's why one .32 (or .22) to the CNS works while multiple nines to extremities does not.
It's sorta counter-intuitive but football helmets increase head injuries and high capacity weapons and magazines cause more misses.