The PDR (Physicians Desk Reference) is effectively a compilation of all of he Package Inserts mandated by law(s). Every "sniffle to death" in the pre- and clinical trials have to be listed in the insert which is why the volume is "voluminous".
What is not often realized is that the Pharmacy Benefit Managers (in which CVS is a major player) are the major groups that interact between the Drug Company and the pharmacy. They claim to save money but most savings!! end up in their shareholders pockets.
What is not realized is the cost of drug discovery to approval. Effectively 1/5 is discovery, 1/5 is preclinical and 2/5 is clinical trials. The remainder is "advertizing". Just to give an idea, the last antibiotic from a modified natural source, was pulled from the market as it sold only $98 Million in the first two years, and cost over $500 Million to reach commercialization. I have many other "examples" but too little time.
The approx figures from discovery to drug reach around $1.2+ billion. The figures from Boston University are the inflated ones courtesy of the sales departments in drug manufacturers. I spent over 50 years in drug discovery in academia, industry and NIH, with significant input into two antibiotics and one anti-tumor agent so have some insight into where costs come from. Dave_n