And this is exactly the route most manufacturers follow. Yes, they are interchangeable in MOST rifles, assuming the rifle in question has an action capable of handling the higher pressures AND does not have a minimum-spec (match) chamber.
For instance, I have 2 Savage Axis rifles, one in .223 and one in .270. The action, same for both, is fully capable of handling the 62,000 PSI .270 loads, so the pressures pose no threat to the .223 rifle, and the chambers are the standard, middle-of-the-road loose configuration. Now, if I were shooting an action designed for a max of 55,000 PSI, or having a tight, minimum-spec chamber, I would be a bit more cautious. When it comes to AR types, no worries about the ammo for standard AR's, but if you have one that is built as a varmint or target rifle the tight chamber may cause over-the-top pressures; if your AR is a Super-Duper Long-Range Varmint Special marked .223, sticking to .223 would be wise.