About "Carpenter steel". Steel specs are generalized by the ASME for the different types. 1000 series is plain carbon steel, 4000 series is chrome moly steel. The last two digits are generally carbon content. The specs for the various types include ranges of various other trace contents, like sulfur for easier machining, vandium and other materials. Often shows in the 3rd digit.
When you get to the proprietary steels, like Carpenter 158, you're looking at one of the ASME classes with proprietary amounts of the various alloying materials. Possibly with tighter allowable variance of the amounts of those materials. These things often result from someone's theory that the particular blend will have superior characteristics for some special use. That theory may/may not have lab test results that confirm that.
Without knowing what special qualities may exist (improved tensile strength, shear strength, elasticity, etc), if the differences are significant, and if/if not they have any bearing on your application, debating steel types is pretty meaningless.
Sometimes what's used in development/prototype work is what's on hand. Depending, that may carry over to production. There really aren't any magic materials, there's often a lot of interchangability.