Wouldn't 16" with the MB still be legal?
This is how the BATF measures the barrel; They drop a 16 inch rod down the barrel with the bolt fully closed - if any of the rod is showing then you have a short barreled rifle for which you need proper registration and compliance with state law if they allow such.
The BATF measurement is done without any flash hider or other muzzle device in place if removable, for permanently attached muzzle devices it is taken into account in the measurement as part of the barrel. Its the same basic measurement method used by all 50 states, although it may vary a little for actual execution. The measurement is based upon what is a permanent part of the barrel, removable devices are not considered permanent.
In regards to just the barrel alone (no muzzle devices at all); If you cut the barrel down less than 16 inches then you end up with a short barreled rifle which, if you are not properly registered federally and in compliance with state law requirements for each individual weapon, is illegal.
In regards to the barrel with a removable muzzle device; If you cut the barrel down less than 16 inches then you end up with a short barreled rifle which, if you are not properly registered federally and in compliance with state law requirements for each individual weapon, is illegal.
In regards to the barrel with a permanently attached non-removable muzzle device; If you cut the barrel down less than 16 inches and permanently attach a non-removable muzzle device to make the barrel at least 16 inches minimum then you do not have a short barreled rifle and would be legal (but need to comply with law for permanently attaching the muzzle device if allowed).
In regards to permanently adding a muzzle device such that it is part of the barrel and not removable; Law or rule allows that you can add a muzzle device (e.g. muzzle brake) to make up the 16 inch length and you would still be legal but you need to consult the specific law or rule and make sure of the particulars for attachment. However, no state or federal rule or law requires that 16 inch is the maximum and only length of the barrel you can use. You can go more than 16 inch but not less than 16 inch. So, a 16 inch barrel with MB added in addition to the barrel is legal - a barrel cut less than 16 inches with a permanently attached non-removable MB that brings the length back to 16 inches is legal. Anything over 16 inches is also legal.
On the practical side; The MB does not affect the bullet, the barrel does and you may need every inch of twist the barrel can give so you do not want to remove two inches of that twist just to add a MB. Plus, it costs you more money to have a gunsmith cut down the barrel first then recrown it when its really not needed and that money can be used elsewhere. Its not required by law to stay just at 16 inches, just that you can't go under 16 inches. So, unless you are simply hell bent on keeping an absolute 16 inch barrel length with MB for some odd reason, it simply doesn't make sense to cut two inches off an already 16 inch barrel to add a muzzle brake to make the barrel 16 inches.
I would not cut the barrel down.