Probably another one of those no-humans-involved functions, computer algorithms identifying anomalies or patterns, everything compared to account history and card-holder profile, automated phone call/text, then the human operator speaks with the card-holder for verification.
Hundreds of millions of card-holders, probably a billion active credit card accounts, scammers operating in organized interstate (and international) transactions, probably using computer programs themselves to send out hundreds or thousands of attempts every day, everything routed through multiple internet portals and anonymizer programs, and new accounts and methods applied daily. Huge operations.
I will be retiring from a major CC company in May after 31 years. There are a number of ways we know when there is suspicious activity. The small charge then large charge is a dead giveaway and indicates a less than sophisticated fraudster. Where it gets interesting is how the security guys figure out who is doing it and how quickly they do so. Usually, they can pin down the location of the breach based on analyzing which cards have the suspicious activity and what they all have in common. I have had it happen to me on multiple occasions and twice with my company issued corporate card! The crooks are good, but this is one area all the CC companies work together to fight. It is all of their best interest to do so. I feel bad for the merchants who are often the ones left holding the bag since we charge-back the purchases.
On another note, as BWZip states, we employ a large number of field investigators and they work with local LE to prosecute whenever possible.
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