Please excuse me Mike, but I'm not quite following your question. Based on this:
...not pointing the muzzle at the center of said target...
...none of the sight pictures shown would work. Yet, all of those sight pictures are pointing the muzzle at the center of the target, just in different ways. Maybe there is something that's not clear in how I'm perceiving your understanding of how sights work.
So, I'm going to give a little primer on how pistol sights are used. Maybe this will answer your question in a round about way.
The Six O'clock Hold
This is most commonly used by bullseye target shooters. The top of the front sight is aligned with the top of the rear sight. Then both are placed just at the bottom of the target circle. This allows the shooter to see the whole of the bullseye even though it will be a little blurry. For this sight picture to work, the dot on the target must always be the same size. Change the size of the dot and the shot will no longer travel to the center.
The Center Hold
This is most commonly used by defensive shooters and competition action shooters. It is the same as the Six O'clock Hold in that the top of the front sight is aligned with the top of the rear sight for proper sight alignment. It is different in that the sights are then placed in the center of the target. For defensive shooting, this is preferred. By holding at the center of the target, it doesn't matter how far away it is or how big it is, the center is always the center. It is not as precise as the Six O'clock hold because it's not always easy to know exactly where the center is. Especially when the target is blurry; which it should be.
The Combat Hold (#3 in the picture from post #2)
There are other names for this, but I believe this is the most common. This is where you line up all the dots. However, there is a problem when this is attempted in real life. The picture from post #2 is not realistic, all the dots do not appear the same size. On a real gun, they are the same physical size, but because the front sight is further away, it appears smaller. Like this:
This is a picture I took of my M&P 40c. If it were a full size gun, the front sight would appear even smaller.
As you can see in the pic, the dots cannot be reliably lined up due to the apparent size difference.
Misaligned sights will be more problematic the further away the target is. So, sight alignment is critical the further the shot. I will go into detail about angles vs parallel lines if you like, but I don't want to overload this at this time.